The principle of \u3cem\u3ehou\u3c/em\u3e: A source for Chinese Christian ethics

In this paper, I have no intention to write about Chinese culture as such. The only purpose is to arouse the interest of thinking about Chinese culture in relation to Christian Ethics. To begin with, I write about the structure of Chinese society in which family is the base of it. In order to relate how the spirit of hou is in relation with Chinese culture, I try to explain how the principle of hou knits the Chinese society together. Then I go on to show how hou is related to all aspects of Chinese social life and how hou is being practised in the daily living of the Chinese. Finally, I discuss the place of religion in Chinese society and from this I go on with the practise of ancestor worship in China and how this practise is in relation with hou. In the appendix, I analyze the different points of view of how the principle of hou is practised among the Chinese today. The final conclusion is that it is not so much a matter of what approach should be used but is the issue of how the spirit of hou is promoted and practised in whatsoever situation we find ourselves. The commitment to hou can build a bridge of understanding and acceptance even in times conflict. For me, the love and respect of God revealed through His Son to which the Bible gives witness is the most significant source to empower the spirit of hou

Plasma Surface Modification of Biomedical Polymers and Metals

Biomedical materials are being extensively researched, and many different types such as metals, metal alloys, and polymers are being used. Currently used biomedical materials are not perfect in terms of corrosion resistance, biocompatibility, and surface properties. It is not easy to fabricate from scratch new materials that can fulfill all requirements and an alternative approach is to modify the surface properties of current materials to cater to the requirements. Plasma immersion ion implantation (PIII) is an effective and economical surface treatment technique and that can be used to enhance the surface properties of biomaterials. The unique advantage of plasma modification is that the surface properties and functionalities can be enhanced selectively while the favorable bulk attributes of the materials such as strength remain unchanged. In addition, the non-line of sight feature of PIII is appropriate for biomedical devices with complex geometries such as orthopedic implants. However, care must be exercised during the plasma treatment because low-temperature treatment is necessary for heat-sensitive materials such as polymers which typically have a low melting point and glass transition temperature. Two kinds of biomedical materials will be discussed in this thesis. One is nickel titanium (NiTi) alloy which is a promising orthopedic implant material due to its unique shape memory and superelastic properties. However, harmful ions may diffuse from the surface causing safety hazards. In this study, we investigate the properties and performance of NiTi after nitrogen and oxygen PIII in terms of the chemical composition, corrosion resistance, and biocompatibility. The XPS results show that barrier layers mainly containing TiN and TiOx are produced after nitrogen and oxygen PIII, respectively. Based on the simulated in vitro and electrochemical corrosion tests, greatly reduced ion leaching and improved corrosion resistance are accomplished by PIII. Porous NiTi is also studied because the porous structure possesses better bone ingrowth capability and compatible elastic modulus with human bones. These advantages promote better recovery in patients. However, higher risks of Ni leaching are expected due to the increased exposed surface area and rougher topography than dense and smooth finished NiTi. We successfully apply PIII to porous NiTi and in vitro tests confirm good cytocompatibility of the materials. The other type of biomedical materials studied here is ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) which is a potential material for use in immunoassay plates and biosensors. In these applications, active antibodies or enzymes attached to a surface to detect molecules of interests by means of specific interactions are required. Moreover, the retention of enzyme activity is crucial in these applications. Therefore, the aim of this study is to investigate the use of PIII to prepare UHMWPE surfaces for binding of active proteins in terms of the binding density and ‘shelf life’ of the treated surfaces. Argon and nitrogen PIII treatments are attempted to modify the surface of UHMWPE. Horseradish peroxidase (HRP) is selected to conduct the protein binding test since it is a convenient protein to assay. Experimental results show that both PIII treated surfaces significantly improve the density of active HRP bound to the surface after incubation in buffer containing HRP. Furthermore, the PIII treated surfaces are found to perform better than a commercially available protein binding surface and the shelf life of the PIII treated surfaces under ambient conditions is at least six months. In conclusion, a biocompatible barrier layer on NiTi and a protein binding surface on UHMWPE is synthesized by PIII. The surface properties such as corrosion resistance and functionality on these two different types of substrates are improved by PIII

Plasma Surface Modification of Biomedical Polymers and Metals

Biomedical materials are being extensively researched, and many different types such as metals, metal alloys, and polymers are being used. Currently used biomedical materials are not perfect in terms of corrosion resistance, biocompatibility, and surface properties. It is not easy to fabricate from scratch new materials that can fulfill all requirements and an alternative approach is to modify the surface properties of current materials to cater to the requirements. Plasma immersion ion implantation (PIII) is an effective and economical surface treatment technique and that can be used to enhance the surface properties of biomaterials. The unique advantage of plasma modification is that the surface properties and functionalities can be enhanced selectively while the favorable bulk attributes of the materials such as strength remain unchanged. In addition, the non-line of sight feature of PIII is appropriate for biomedical devices with complex geometries such as orthopedic implants. However, care must be exercised during the plasma treatment because low-temperature treatment is necessary for heat-sensitive materials such as polymers which typically have a low melting point and glass transition temperature. Two kinds of biomedical materials will be discussed in this thesis. One is nickel titanium (NiTi) alloy which is a promising orthopedic implant material due to its unique shape memory and superelastic properties. However, harmful ions may diffuse from the surface causing safety hazards. In this study, we investigate the properties and performance of NiTi after nitrogen and oxygen PIII in terms of the chemical composition, corrosion resistance, and biocompatibility. The XPS results show that barrier layers mainly containing TiN and TiOx are produced after nitrogen and oxygen PIII, respectively. Based on the simulated in vitro and electrochemical corrosion tests, greatly reduced ion leaching and improved corrosion resistance are accomplished by PIII. Porous NiTi is also studied because the porous structure possesses better bone ingrowth capability and compatible elastic modulus with human bones. These advantages promote better recovery in patients. However, higher risks of Ni leaching are expected due to the increased exposed surface area and rougher topography than dense and smooth finished NiTi. We successfully apply PIII to porous NiTi and in vitro tests confirm good cytocompatibility of the materials. The other type of biomedical materials studied here is ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) which is a potential material for use in immunoassay plates and biosensors. In these applications, active antibodies or enzymes attached to a surface to detect molecules of interests by means of specific interactions are required. Moreover, the retention of enzyme activity is crucial in these applications. Therefore, the aim of this study is to investigate the use of PIII to prepare UHMWPE surfaces for binding of active proteins in terms of the binding density and ‘shelf life’ of the treated surfaces. Argon and nitrogen PIII treatments are attempted to modify the surface of UHMWPE. Horseradish peroxidase (HRP) is selected to conduct the protein binding test since it is a convenient protein to assay. Experimental results show that both PIII treated surfaces significantly improve the density of active HRP bound to the surface after incubation in buffer containing HRP. Furthermore, the PIII treated surfaces are found to perform better than a commercially available protein binding surface and the shelf life of the PIII treated surfaces under ambient conditions is at least six months. In conclusion, a biocompatible barrier layer on NiTi and a protein binding surface on UHMWPE is synthesized by PIII. The surface properties such as corrosion resistance and functionality on these two different types of substrates are improved by PIII

GeoPopulation-Institution Hypothesis: Reconciling American Development Process and Reversal of Fortune within a Unified Growth Framework

We develop a unified growth theory for the Western Hemisphere during the colonization era. We posit a unified growth model with transatlantic migration and slavery trade to reconcile development in the Thirteen Colonies/United States during AD1700-AD1860. Then we apply the model across American regions/countries, and propose the GeoPopulation-Institution hypothesis to explain divergence: whenever its geographic or political environments relatively favored the buildup of Black slaves (or non-White forced labor), through slavery institution that disincentivized the Blacks to make improvements, a region/country was likely to suffer a reversal of fortune. Geography, population and institution are inseparable in understanding American economic history

Rise of Women in Unified Growth Theory: French Development Process and Policy Implications

Rise of Women, industrialization and demographic transition are integral components in a nation’s development. We posit a two-sector unified growth model with endogenous female empowerment to study the interrelationship between women and development. Female empowerment would hamper fertility, lower agricultural employment share, and decelerate development; development that checks fertility would raise female labor-force participation and women’s (economic) power. Our model reconciles French development process during AD1400-AD2100, including women’s distinctive fall-and-rise socio-economic status, absence of a Post-Malthusian regime, fertility control and innovation’s roles in modern growth. We also study the implications for policies promoting gender equality and innovation in Madagascar today

Industrious Selection: Explaining Five Revolutions and Two Divergences in Eurasian Economic History within a Unified Growth Framework

We develop a unified growth theory with Industrious Selection to explain the Five Revolutions in the development process (Agricultural Revolution, Structural Transformation, Industrial Revolution, Industrious Revolution, Demographic Revolution) and the Two Divergences in Eurasia (Little Divergence, Great Divergence) in AD0-AD2000. Industrious Selection refers to industrious (hardworking and cooperative) individuals gradually dominating the population composition through labor-leisure optimization and income effect on births. It raises working hours, improves production efficiency and accelerates development. The Black Death expedited Industrious Selection in late-Medieval Europe. Together with the population scale effect, the theory reconciles the British development process and Eurasian economic divergence during AD0-AD2000

GeoPopulation-Institution Hypothesis: Reconciling American Development Process and Reversal of Fortune within a Unified Growth Framework

We develop a unified growth theory for the Western Hemisphere during the colonization era. We posit a unified growth model with transatlantic migration and slavery trade to reconcile development in the Thirteen Colonies/United States during AD1700-AD1860. Then we apply the model across American regions/countries, and propose the GeoPopulation-Institution hypothesis to explain divergence: whenever its geographic or political environments relatively favored the buildup of Black slaves (or non-White forced labor), through slavery institution that disincentivized the Blacks to make improvements, a region/country was likely to suffer a reversal of fortune. Geography, population and institution are inseparable in understanding American economic history

Social capital and educational well-being: a systematic review (2010-2022)

Social capital is evidenced as beneficial to educational achievements and it’s believed as important for students. Recent research of social capital and education moves beyond illustrating the effects of social capital on education achievements to a more comprehensive interrelationship between social capital and different aspects in development of students. To delineate the association between social capital and education in different aspects, this paper aims to systematically review quantitative studies examining the association between social capital and educational well-being. Three questions are of concern here. Question 1: Is there association relationship between social capital and educational well-being? Question 2: How is the association relationship between social capital and educational well-being? Question 3: How can social capital and educational well-being be enhanced by intervention? The study found that social capital is positively associated with educational well-being (in most of the contexts) and they are interrelated. All three types of social capital included in this review (family social capital, school social capital and community social capital), are evidenced positively associated with educational well-being of children directly or/and indirectly. As a result, some recommendations are made to the government in utilizing social capital intervention to enhance educational well-being of students

Population growth and structural transformation

This paper uncovers the mechanism and assumptions underlying how population growth induces structural transformation. We construct two-sector models that give analytically tractable closed-form solutions. If sectoral goods are consumption complements, population growth induces a more than proportionate relative price rise compared to the relative marginal product of labor drop in a sector with stronger diminishing returns to labor, and shifts production factors towards that sector. Our work points to a two-stage development process: (1) in early development, population growth shifts production factors to agriculture; and (2) when agricultural productivity growth is fast enough, production factors move out of agriculture